Dogs Provide New Insights into Aging and Cognition

In humans, success in various cognitive tests tends to correlate positively; individuals who e.g. excel in math may also ace their literature essay. Human cognitive abilities are thus somewhat centralised but also organised hierarchically, from specific task performances to broader cognitive domains. At the apex of this hierarchy lies the so-called general cognitive factor, or the 'g factor'. This 'g factor' is a fundamental component of intelligence, it encompasses and influences all underlying cognitive abilities, and is also closely related to academic, workplace, and career success.

In their latest research, researchers at the Department of Ethology at ELTE inquired about the existence of such a general cognitive factor in the case of dogs.

'The cognitive and socio-cognitive performance of dogs is a highly popular topic in scientific literature, yet most studies are comparative, focusing on how well dogs perform as a species. Surprisingly, these studies have largely overlooked the individual differences in specific skills and the reasons behind them. As a result, we know very little about how dogs' cognitive abilities are structured,' said Borbála Turcsán, one of the lead authors of the study published in GeroScience.

To investigate this, researchers compiled a series of seven tasks to assess the cognitive performance of 129 family dogs aged between three and fifteen years, tracking them over two and a half years. The performances in these tests formed a hierarchical structure similar to the one seen in human cognition. Researchers identified two broad cognitive domains: Independent problem-solving, which included tests of persistence, problem-solving, and memory, and Learning ability, which encompassed associative learning and one-trial learning tests. These domains were interconnected, indicating that dogs with better problem-solving skills generally learned new tasks more quickly, confirming the existence of a higher-order, general cognitive factor that ties them together. Drawing from human literature, the authors referred to this as the 'canine g factor.'

The researchers were not satisfied with just finding the 'canine g factor'; they also wanted to confirm if it has a predictive power similar to that described for g in humans. 'To confirm that we have indeed identified the general cognitive factor, we examined whether this factor correlates with individual characteristics known from the literature of humans and other animal species to be associated with the 'g factor,' explained Tamás Faragó, a researcher at the ELTE Department of Ethology.

The results revealed that

dogs with high 'g factor' scores were more inclined to explore unfamiliar environments, showed greater interest in novelties, and performed better in new learning situations

than dogs with lower scores. Moreover, the dogs’ g score was also related to their personality which was measured using a questionnaire filled out by the dog owners. High 'g factor' score was associated with higher levels of activity, training level, and trainability. These findings confirmed that the 'canine g factor' resembles the human g factor not only in the structure but also in external correlations.

In addition to the numerous parallels between canine and human g factors, exploring the correlations of canine cognitive abilities has opened new perspectives in the field of ageing research. ‘It is well-known that as dogs age, their attention, learning ability, and memory naturally decline. However, if cognitive abilities are interconnected, it's plausible that their decline with age is not independent but rather linked to a common underlying factor behind the deterioration of various abilities,’ - emphasised Zsófia Bognár, PhD student, the other lead author of the study. 

The researchers also tracked the changes in the dogs’ cognitive performance over two and a half years and based on this longitudinal assessment they demonstrated that indeed, there is a global cognitive decline, the 'canine g factor' score decreased with age. However, this decline was influenced by the health status of the dogs: dogs in poorer health exhibited a faster decline in the 'g factor' value with age, whereas no significant change with age was observed in dogs in good health. While this global decline affected all cognitive abilities, the results also revealed that age-related changes in memory and associative learning abilities are influenced by other factors, leading to diverse ageing dynamics.

This ageing-pattern resembles human ageing, and it is an important finding for later efforts to identify the molecular and neurological causes of cognitive decline.

‘This new research highlights intriguing parallels between human and canine ageing, further strengthening the argument that dogs serve as an excellent model species for ageing research,’ - emphasised Enikő Kubinyi, leader of the MTA-ELTE Companion Animal Research Group and the Senior Family Dog Program. ‘Moreover, our findings support the existence of the 'canine g factor', suggesting that dogs can also help in understanding the evolution and background of human intelligence.’

Original study: Bognár, Z., Turcsán, B., Faragó, T. et al. Age-related effects on a hierarchical structure of canine cognition. GeroScience (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-024-01123-1